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Global assumptions

  • Solar position: Julian Date → VSOP87-simplified algorithm (sun declination + equation of time)
  • Refraction: 0.833° standard atmospheric correction at horizon
  • High latitude (UK+): 1/7th of night rule applied when sun never reaches required depression
  • All times local to your timezone (UTC)
  • Accuracy: ±1–2 minutes. Observed moon sighting may differ by ±1 day for Hijri dates

Fajr

Sun is 18.5° below the horizon before sunrise (Umm al-Qura University, Makkah). High-latitude fallback: 1/7th of the night before Fajr.

Sunrise

Sun's upper limb is 0.833° below horizon (0.5° disc radius + 0.283° atmospheric refraction). Same as Maghrib, applied before solar noon.

Dhuhr

Solar noon — the sun's transit across the local meridian. Derived from the Equation of Time (accounting for Earth's elliptical orbit and axial tilt). Begins 1–2 min after true noon.

Asr

Standard (Shafi'i / Maliki / Hanbali): shadow length = 1× object height + noon shadow. Sun altitude solved via inverse cotangent of the shadow factor.

Maghrib

Sun's upper limb is 0.833° below horizon (same refraction model as Sunrise). Begins immediately — no delay.

Isha

Umm al-Qura: fixed 90 min after Maghrib — no depression angle.

All method angles at a glance

Muslim World League
Fajr 18°Isha 17°
Islamic Society of North America
Fajr 15°Isha 15°
Egyptian General Authority of Survey
Fajr 19.5°Isha 17.5°
Umm al-Qura University, Makkah
Fajr 18.5°Isha 90 min
University of Islamic Sciences, Karachi
Fajr 18°Isha 18°
Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran
Fajr 17.7°Isha 14°
Shia Ithna Ashari (Jafari)
Fajr 16°Isha 14°

⏱ Asr — Standard vs Hanafi

Standard (Shafi'i, Maliki, Hanbali): Asr begins when shadow = 1× height + noon shadow. Majority position.

Hanafi: shadow = 2× height + noon shadow — roughly 30–60 min later. Only the Asr time changes.

Times for Birmingham. Toggle Asr method or select a calculation row above.